Code 39 barcode - Java Code-39 Barcodes Generator Guide · Set the type property to Linear. · Set the data property with the value to encode. · addCheckSum property is optional.

 
OnBarcode.com > Code 39 Introduction. This page concerns basic information of Code 39, as well as its generating and printing components. Code 39 Overview. …. Van gogh museum gallery

If you need Code 128 or Code 39 barcode images, please order them below. We will email the barcodes to you in 5 different formats (jpeg, eps, BMP, tiff, pdf). NOTE: If you want us to send you a roll of printed adhesive barcode labels instead, please purchase them from our Sequential Labels page. When checking out, please enter the barcode …Questo generatore di codice a barre online mostra le potenzialità della tecnologia per codice a barre di TBarCode SDK. TBarCode semplifica la creazione dei codici a barre nella tua applicazione C#, .NET, VB .NET, Microfoft® ASP .NET, ASP, PHP, Delphi e altri linguaggi di programmazione. Prova questo generatore di codice a barre online senza ...QR codes have become an integral part of our daily lives. From advertising campaigns to contactless payments, these square-shaped barcodes have proven to be an effective way of sha...Generate code 39+ barcode online - you can generate single or bulk c39+ barcodes. Bulkcodez is an online tool to generate different kinds of barcodes or QR codes. On this page, you can easily generate single or bulk barcodes in c39+ format. c39+ is a very common format of the barcode. This is used for name badges or inventory tagging.Code 93 (USS-93) barcodes: Variable length: Alphanumeric: Data redundancies make it more secure than Code 39; Around 25% shorter than Code 39 barcodes; Code 11 (USD-8) barcodes: Variable length: Numeric: High data density (lots of data in less space) Includes 2 check digits to counterbalance low reliability; Commonly …https://www.tec-it.com - This video tutorial provides basic information for the barcode symbology "Code 39" (also called Code 3 of 9). Video auf Deutsch: htt...While Code 128 is almost always used with a check digit, Code 39 symbols can be created without one. Code 39 is therefore easy to use with a barcode font, for example in Excel: Enter data, add "*" for start and stop code and format the text with the font. This will yield a valid barcode symbol.Download Code 39 Barcode Fonts. In the evaluation version of the Code 39 fonts, an intermittent "DEMO" watermark will appear at the top of the barcode, which may sometimes cause scanner read errors. A successful scan may be obtained for testing purposes by scanning the lower portion of the barcode that does not contain the watermark. The ...If you need Code 128 or Code 39 barcode images, please order them below. We will email the barcodes to you in 5 different formats (jpeg, eps, BMP, tiff, pdf). NOTE: If you want us to send you a roll of printed adhesive barcode labels instead, please purchase them from our Sequential Labels page. When checking out, please enter the barcode …Davis sadly got a detention for using the decoded barcode info from his teacher’s ID to gain access to his attendance records, but I think this kind of ingenuity should be encouraged, not punished – decode code 39 barcodes by hand. Related: LEGO barcode reader. Bar code quilt. Skeleton barcode card on Hackszine. HOW TO – …Worried about controlling inventory, utilizing resources and maintenance management? Barcode verification scanners make it simple to keep track of your products with handheld, Blue... Linear Barcodes, 2D Codes, GS1 DataBar, Postal Barcodes and many more! This online barcode generator demonstrates the capabilities of the TBarCode SDK barcode components. TBarCode simplifies bar code creation in your application - e.g. in C# .NET, VB .NET, Microsoft ® ASP.NET, ASP, PHP, Delphi and other programming languages. Read more about Barcode Symbologies and how they support different barcode types and amounts of data across various applications. ... Code 39 is less dense than Code 128, thus requiring more room on the label. Data Matrix A 2D symbology, Data Matrix is commonly used to mark small items as it can encode a significant amount of information in ... Libre Barcode fonts enable you to write barcodes in the Code 39, Code 128 and EAN-13/UPC-12 formats, with or without text below the code. A number of fonts are available. For usage instructions and further information vist the documentation of the Code 39 format. The Libre Barcode project is led by Lasse Fister, a font and web developer based ... Questo generatore di codice a barre online mostra le potenzialità della tecnologia per codice a barre di TBarCode SDK. TBarCode semplifica la creazione dei codici a barre nella tua applicazione C#, .NET, VB .NET, Microfoft® ASP .NET, ASP, PHP, Delphi e altri linguaggi di programmazione. Prova questo generatore di codice a barre online senza ...Free Code-39 Generator: This free online barcode generator creates all 1D and 2D barcodes. Download the generated barcode as bitmap or vector image.Code 39 was the first barcode to be able to encode both numbers and letters. It can have a varying length, encoding up to 43 different characters. Extended Code 39 is an updated version of Code 39, which uses combinations of those same encoded characters to allow it to represent the entire range of 128 ASCII characters, including punctuation ...In addition to Code 39, there are a number of other barcodes available, including the following: Code 128: This code is generally used for shipping and supply chain labels. It can encode the same set of characters as Code 39 (though uppercase and lowercase letters can appear differently). There is no length restriction.Learn everything you need to know about Code 39 barcodes, a versatile and widely used barcode symbology that can encode letters, numbers, and special …Best Answer. 1. Download the Code 39 Font Package Demo or Sale version. The example displays the sale zip file named IDAutomation_C39FontAdvantage.zip. 2. Right-click the zip IDAutomation_C39FontAdvantage.zip and select Extract All. 3. Once the process has completed, a folder will open with a folder named IDAutomation_C39FontAdvantage and …A UPC-A barcode. A barcode or bar code is a method of representing data in a visual, machine-readable form.Initially, barcodes represented data by varying the widths, spacings and sizes of parallel lines. These barcodes, now commonly referred to as linear or one-dimensional (1D), can be scanned by special optical scanners, called barcode readers, …There is not a direct ASCII conversion to the characters in the symbology. If you are unable to generate the space symbol in the Code 39 symbology, it is because of whatever software you have that is parsing the string you are passing to the printer. The following is a code 39 barcode that reads 'TEST 123'.Extended Code 39 Barcodes with Standard Fonts. In addition to using the IDAutomationX fonts, lower-case and extended characters may also be encoded with standard Code-39 fonts by adding shift characters according to the Code 3 of 9 Full ASCII Chart. Symbol Encoded Fonts with the Barcode in the Space Character, which is included in this …Davis sadly got a detention for using the decoded barcode info from his teacher’s ID to gain access to his attendance records, but I think this kind of ingenuity should be encouraged, not punished – decode code 39 barcodes by hand. Related: LEGO barcode reader. Bar code quilt. Skeleton barcode card on Hackszine. HOW TO – …Code 39 fonts require an asterisk to be the first and last character (The asterisk doesn't appear in the scanner output because it only acts as a start/stop ...Code 39 is also known as ANSI/AIM Code 39, ANSI/AIM Code 39, Uniform Symbology Specification Code 39, USS Code 39, USS 39, Code 3/9, Code 3 of 9. It is the first alphanumeric linear barcode symbology to encode input data with a variable length, which is consisting of a starting quiet zone, start character "*", encoded data, a stop character ...Dec 21, 2015 · Part of Mobile Development Collective. 1. I am using zxing in my android application to read QR_CODE and Barcodes. My application is unable to read the CODE_39 using zxing. I am using the following code in CaptureActivity OnResume Method: Intent intent = getIntent(); String action = intent == null ? null : intent.getAction(); Also called "Code 3 of 9" or "Alpha39," the Code 39 barcode was the first code to use both numbers and letters. It is a variable length barcode that can encode up to 43 alphanumeric characters at one time. It is most commonly used in the military and the automotive industry. Specifications: The Code 39 barcode has a start and end symbol to ...Get a GS1 barcode. Barcodes are symbols that can be scanned electronically using laser or image-based technology. They are used to encode information such as key identifiers (product, shipment, location, etc.) and key attributes (serial numbers, batch/lot numbers, dates, etc.) via GS1 syntaxes (plain, GS1 element string and GS1 Digital Link URI).The difference between Code 39 barcode and Code 39ext: The Code 39Ext barcode is an extended version of the Code 39 barcode and can represent 128 characters from ASCII values 0 to 127. Code 39 barcodes can only encode 43 characters, including numbers, uppercase letters, spaces, and some symbols.Code 39 - used in defense and automotive. Code 39, as the name suggests, can contain up to 39 characters in a barcode. Code 39 is the simplest of the alphanumeric codes, it is designed to self-test characters and is often used internally by small businesses. Code 128 is used in transport and logistics, Code 128 is a high density ordering and ... Generate UPC, EAN, QR codes and Data Matrix on Barcodes Pro. Best UPC and EAN barcode services Worldwide. ... Code 39 Code 93 Code 128 Codabar ITF-6 ITF-14 Bulk ... Download Code 39 Barcode Fonts. In the evaluation version of the Code 39 fonts, an intermittent "DEMO" watermark will appear at the top of the barcode, which may sometimes cause scanner read errors. A successful scan may be obtained for testing purposes by scanning the lower portion of the barcode that does not contain the watermark. The ...Also called "Code 3 of 9" or "Alpha39," the Code 39 barcode was the first code to use both numbers and letters. It is a variable length barcode that can encode up to 43 alphanumeric characters at one time. It is most commonly used in the military and the automotive industry. Specifications: The Code 39 barcode has a start and end symbol to ...1. Take the value (0 through 42) of each character in the barcode excluding start and stop codes. 2. Sum the values. 3. Divide the result by 43. 4. The remainder is the value of the checksum character to be appended. Code 39 Extended is an extended version of Code 39 that supports the ASCII character set. Create Code 39 barcodes anywhere you can type text: Step 1. Type the text. Step 2. Surround it with an asterisk on each side. Step 3. Change the font to a Code 39 font. When your scanner reads the barcode, it transmits it without asterisks. Add all of the digits in even positions (digits in position 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10). 5 + 3 + 1 + 2 + 4 = 15. Sum the results of steps 3 and 2. 48 + 15 = 63. Determine what number needs to be added to the result of step 4 in order to create a multiple of 10. 63 + 7 = 70. The check digit therefore equals 7. UPC bar code check digit calculator. James: The Extended Code 39 fonts are included in the Code 39 Font Package (which is the non-free version). Code 39 is not the most efficient linear symbology. If you need something more efficient in size (depending on the scanner being used, see your manual) you might be better off using the more efficient Code 128 symbology, …Code 39. in Dingbats > Bar Code 953,507 downloads (186 yesterday) Download . Code39r.ttf. First seen on DaFont: before 2005. View all glyphs (48) Code39r.ttfCode 39 barcodes are a common barcode type, used in many different industries for inventory tracking, identification like attendee badges, and parts labeling for in-house tracking. Standard Code 39 barcodes can include uppercase letters, numbers, and the punctuation marks $ % + - . and /, and the space character. ...Extended Code 39 Barcodes with Standard Fonts. In addition to using the IDAutomationX fonts, lower-case and extended characters may also be encoded with standard Code-39 fonts by adding shift characters according to the Code 3 of 9 Full ASCII Chart. Symbol Encoded Fonts with the Barcode in the Space Character, which is included in this …Code 93 is a barcode symbology designed in 1982 by Intermec to provide a higher density and data security enhancement to Code 39. It is an alphanumeric, variable length symbology. Code 93 is used primarily by Canada Post to encode supplementary delivery information. Every symbol includes two check characters.Create Code 39 barcodes anywhere you can type text: Step 1. Type the text. Step 2. Surround it with an asterisk on each side. Step 3. Change the font to a Code 39 font. When your scanner reads the barcode, it transmits it without asterisks.Apr 14, 2011 ... This video will use demonstrate Code 39 in NiceLabel. History of Barcode 39, usage, and advanced functionality will be shown in NiceLabel.Also called "Code 3 of 9" or "Alpha39," the Code 39 barcode was the first code to use both numbers and letters. It is a variable length barcode that can encode up to 43 alphanumeric characters at one time. It is most commonly used in the military and the automotive industry. Specifications: The Code 39 barcode has a start and end symbol to ...Are you in need of barcode labels for your business? Instead of relying on external printing services, why not print your own barcode labels? With the advancements in technology, i...In today’s fast-paced business environment, efficiency and accuracy are crucial to success. One way to streamline operations and minimize errors is by implementing barcoding system...Code 93 is a barcode symbology designed in 1982 by Intermec to provide a higher density and data security enhancement to Code 39. It is an alphanumeric, variable length symbology. Code 93 is used primarily by Canada Post to encode supplementary delivery information. Every symbol includes two check characters.Dec 22, 2010 · https://www.tec-it.com - This video tutorial provides basic information for the barcode symbology "Code 39" (also called Code 3 of 9). Video auf Deutsch: htt... A UPC-A barcode. A barcode or bar code is a method of representing data in a visual, machine-readable form.Initially, barcodes represented data by varying the widths, spacings and sizes of parallel lines. These barcodes, now commonly referred to as linear or one-dimensional (1D), can be scanned by special optical scanners, called barcode readers, …Code 39 barcode labels are printed with your supplied detailsby clicking the "Start Designing" button above. Where multiple rolls are ordered number sequence ...The JavaScript Code 39 Barcode Generator integrates with web applications, Oracle Reports, and HTML to display static or dynamic Code 39 barcode images without additional components, fonts, or plug-ins. The JavaScript Code 39 Barcode Generator is native JavaScript that integrates easily with web applications and JQuery to display …Code 39 is also known as ANSI/AIM Code 39, ANSI/AIM Code 39, Uniform Symbology Specification Code 39, USS Code 39, USS 39, Code 3/9, Code 3 of 9. It is the first alphanumeric linear barcode symbology to encode input data with a variable length, which is consisting of a starting quiet zone, start character "*", encoded data, a stop character ... Over 600 Million Barcodes Generated Use the CGI form below to generate a printable and scan-able barcode in Interleaved 2 of 5, Code 39, Code 128 A, B, or C symbologies. This free service can be used to generate individual barcodes or called via URL's to include inline PNG or JPEG images directly into your documents. QR codes have become an integral part of our daily lives. From advertising campaigns to contactless payments, these square-shaped barcodes have proven to be an effective way of sha...Free Code 39 Barcode Font. Code39Azalea is a numbers-only font for encoding 0 through 9. You can use it for printed documents, and online as a web font using CSS @font-face for the web. Fast, simple, and efficient, fonts make barcoding easier. Fonts are available in every computer application so program compatibility is a given.Although Code 39 only supports 43 characters, it is possible to employ a substitution mechanism based on industry specifications to encode all the 128 ASCII characters. The Code 39 barcode that employs this mechanism is known as the Code 39 Extended barcode or Code 39 ASCII barcode. ConnectCode Code 39 barcode font is able to …Aspose.BarCode Hasilkan. Dengan alat online gratis ini Anda dapat menghasilkan barcode dalam berbagai format raster dan vektor yang didukung: PNG, JPEG, TIFF, GIF, SVG, EMF. Kami mendukung jenis barcode berikut: 1D Point-of-Sale: UPC-A, UPC-E, EAN-8, EAN-13, GS1 DataBar 1D Barcode Industri: Kode 39, Kode 93, Kode 128, …It’s also worth noting that Code 39 is nearly identical to Code 32, meaning that some barcode scanners may confuse these two types unless readers are set specifically to recognize the code type being used. Barcode Xpress supports Code 39 Barcodes. With just a few lines of code, you can integrate accurate barcode recognition into your ...Libre Barcode Project. Libre Barcode fonts enable you to write barcodes in the. Code 39, Code 128, and. EAN/UPC. formats, with or without text below the code. Visit the individual pages for usage instructions and further information. The Code 128 Encoder is historically located at this URL and it stays here to not break existing links to it.Barcode readers have options to enable or disable extended mode in Code-39. It can contain checksum ( mod 43 ). In the box below, enter the codes, each code on a new line. All characters outside the allowed range will be ignored. The generator can create from 1 to 20 barcodes at once, each code can contain up to 24 characters.The Cognex Mobile Barcode SDK supports all major barcode symbologies, including Aztec Code, Codabar, Code 11, Code 25 (Interleaved, Industrial and ITF-14), Code 39, Code 93, Code 128, Data Matrix, DotCode, EAN, ISBN, GS1 DataBar, MaxiCode, MSI Plessey, PDF417, Postal Code, QR Code (Micro and Standard), TELEPEN and UPC barcode …In this Microsoft Excel video tutorial I demonstrate how to create barcodes from numbers. This technique requires you to install a barcode font. Here are a...Here's what the IRS Where's My Refund reference codes mean when checking WMR online, or calling the IRS, or using the Refund Status tool. The College Investor Student Loans, Invest...Aztec Codes; Codabar Barcodes; Code 128; Code 39 Barcodes; Code 93 barcode; Data Matrix Codes (Dataman150) EAN-8 Barcodes; GS1 DataBar Stacked; Intelligent Mail Barcodes; Interleaved 2 of 5 Barcodes; Maxi Codes (Dataman150) MSI/Plessey Barcodes; PDF417 Bar Codes; POSTNET Barcodes; QR Codes; UPC-A Barcodes; …Interested in trying BarTender, Seagull Scientific's barcode and labeling software? Check out the features available in the free edition and download today! BarTender Free trial: ... LINEAR BARCODE SYMBOLOGIES. Codabar; Code 39 (Full ASCII and Regular) Code 93; Code 128; EAN-8; EAN-13 (with and without 2 and 5 digit add-ons)Secure your site today from malware by installing one of the best WordPress Plugins for detecting malicious codes on websites. Trusted by business builders worldwide, the HubSpot B... Code 39 Extended is an extension of the original Code 39 (Code 39 - Regular) symbology that enables encoding of all 128 ASCII characters. Code 39 (also known as Alpha39, Code 3 of 9, Code 3/9, Type 39, USS Code 39, or USD-3) is a variable length, discrete barcode symbology used extensively in multiple industries, notably in the US military as a component of the Logistics Applications of ... Sep 5, 2022 · Code 39. This type is most often used by the DoD. Code 39 barcodes can include numbers, letters and symbols and are primarily used by the U.S. Department of Defense and in certain manufacturing sectors, like automotive production. Code 128. You can find this barcode most in B2B, distribution, and transportation. Add all of the digits in even positions (digits in position 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10). 5 + 3 + 1 + 2 + 4 = 15. Sum the results of steps 3 and 2. 48 + 15 = 63. Determine what number needs to be added to the result of step 4 in order to create a multiple of 10. 63 + 7 = 70. The check digit therefore equals 7. UPC bar code check digit calculator. Code 39: a partial alpha-numeric barcode, used for general purposes all over the world. Code 93: a compact barcode similar to Code 39, again usable for various purposes. Code 128: a high density barcode that can encode all 128 characters of ASCII; it’s very reliable and used mostly in the shipping and packaging industry. DataMatrix: a 2-d ...The Barcode Xpress Code 39 uses a 2:1 wide to narrow bar width ratio. Code 39 requires a quiet zone, which should be at least the width of 10 narrow bars. This means that if you set the MinimumBarWidth property to 3 pixels (narrow bar size), you should set the HorizontalWhiteSpace property to 30 pixels. Since Code 39 is a self-checking barcode ...In addition to Code 39, there are a number of other barcodes available, including the following: Code 128: This code is generally used for shipping and supply chain labels. It can encode the same set of characters as Code 39 (though uppercase and lowercase letters can appear differently). There is no length restriction.In addition to Code 39, there are a number of other barcodes available, including the following: Code 128: This code is generally used for shipping and supply chain labels. It can encode the same set of characters as Code 39 (though uppercase and lowercase letters can appear differently). There is no length restriction.Free Barcode Generator. Choose the type of code you'd like to make, enter your information, and generate a downloadable barcode and HTML code for free. Call Cognex Sales: 855-4-COGNEX (855-426-4639) ... Get your free barcode below and then check out our extensive line of barcode scanning solutions.Set the SC7USB 2D Scanner to Full ASCII/Extended Code 39 or download the Free IDAutomation Barcode Data Decoder App (available for Android and iOS) 2. Download and install the Code 39 Font Package (Extended Code 39 fonts are included)Enter the data *123%O456* (or if using the Extended Code 39 fonts, use *123_456*). 3.Libre Barcode Project. Libre Barcode fonts enable you to write barcodes in the. Code 39, Code 128, and. EAN/UPC. formats, with or without text below the code. Visit the individual pages for usage instructions and further information. The Code 128 Encoder is historically located at this URL and it stays here to not break existing links to it.Barcode Decoding OnLine. Reads barcodes from images. Decodes all popular barcode types: Interleaved 2/5, Industrial, Code 39, Extended, Code 128, EAN/UCC 128, Code 11 ...A code of conduct is necessary so members of an organization or group understand the standards they will be expected to uphold when interacting with each other and others outside t...

Code 39 barcodes are a common barcode type, used in many different industries for inventory tracking, identification like attendee badges, and parts labeling for in-house tracking. Standard Code 39 barcodes can include uppercase letters, numbers, and the punctuation marks $ % + - . and /, and the space character. .... Clipboard agency

code 39 barcode

Libre Barcode fonts enable you to write barcodes in the Code 39, Code 128 and EAN-13/UPC-12 formats, with or without text below the code. A number of fonts …While Code 128 is almost always used with a check digit, Code 39 symbols can be created without one. Code 39 is therefore easy to use with a barcode font, for example in Excel: Enter data, add "*" for start and stop code and format the text with the font. This will yield a valid barcode symbol.With the text box selected, choose a PrecisionID Code 39 Barcode font and point size. We suggest PrecisionID C39 T08 in 12 point for the font. If other barcode fonts are installed on your system, be sure to select a Code 39 barcode font. Size the text box so it is large enough to contain the entire barcode. Code 39 is a linear barcode symbology that is also known as Code 3 of 9. It is used to encode alphanumeric data, including uppercase letters, numbers, and a limited set of special characters. The symbology consists of narrow and wide bars that represent the encoded data, with each character represented by a sequence of nine bars, three of which ... Code 39 was the first barcode to be able to encode both numbers and letters. It can have a varying length, encoding up to 43 different characters. Extended Code 39 is an updated version of Code 39, which uses combinations of those same encoded characters to allow it to represent the entire range of 128 ASCII characters, including punctuation ... Enterprise-grade Code 39 Barcode Reader SDK. The Scanbot Code 39 Scanner SDK lets you integrate fast barcode scanning into your mobile app in no time. Use any iOS, Android, or Windows device as a flexible scanning tool. It’s fast, accurate, and cost-effective! Try the SDK in your project Pricing. Enterprises that use our solutions.In today’s digital age, barcode technology has become an integral part of many businesses. From inventory management to tracking sales, barcodes provide a fast and efficient way to...In Full ASCII Code 39 Symbols 0-9, A-Z, “.”, “-“ and space are the same as their representations in Code 39. Lower case letters, additional punctuation characters and control characters are represented by sequences of two characters of Code 39. This means, internally in the font e.g. an “a” is encoded as “+A” or an “@” as ...Generate Code 39 barcode images in ASP.NET web applications ; Printing Code 39 1d barcodes in .NET Windows Forms projects ; Create & Print Code-39 in Reporting Services & Crystal Reports ; Compatible with ISO / IEC 16388 (2nd edition 2007-05-15) High quality Code-39 Bar Code images in GIF, PNG, JPEG & BITMAP;Are you in need of barcode labels for your business? Instead of relying on external printing services, why not print your own barcode labels? With the advancements in technology, i...Barcode readers have options to enable or disable extended mode in Code-39. It can contain checksum ( mod 43 ). In the box below, enter the codes, each code on a new line. All characters outside the allowed range will be ignored. The generator can create from 1 to 20 barcodes at once, each code can contain up to 24 characters.Learn everything you need to know about Code 39 barcodes, a versatile and widely used barcode symbology that can encode letters, numbers, and special …Field-argument-2 Is a string that specifies the type of barcode that will be generated. Barcode types are not case sensitive, so CODE39 is the same as Code39.Read single or multiple Barcodes and QR Codes from images or PDFs. Image correction for skewing, orientation, noise, low resolution, contrast etc. Create barcodes and apply to images or PDF documents. ... Code 39, Code 128, PDF417, Rss14 (Read Only), RSS Expanded (Read Only)Overview. Code 39 is a variable-length barcode type introduced in 1974 by Intermec Corporation. It was the first specification that allowed storing not only numerical digits but also alphabetic symbols. Its encoding set includes 43 symbols, i.e. uppercase English letters (A-Z), numerical digits, and several special characters.The Code 39 barcode option in all Components and Applications will produce a barcode image. Additional properties that may be available with this implementation include: The Check Char or Check Digit property, appends a MOD 34 Checksum to the data being encoded. The Code 39 Ext or Extended option enables Code 39 Extended mode.There is not a check digit. We are not dealing with full ASCII Code 39. Let's say we have the following barcode: Let's focus on the start character *. I can think of three different ways to potentially decode this character to binary: Assumption that a black bar is 1 and a white bar is 0. 1001 0110 1101 – 12 bits..

Popular Topics